Stone carving features
Solid, resistant to weathering, and therefore, in the South building, in addition to stone tower, stone bridge, Shihfang, shiting, stone tomb, more widely used in building components and decoration.Divided into three categories: First, as the building elements of the door, tailgate, drum stones, stairs, column bases, Liang Fang, Manhole, etc.; Second, as a subsidiary body of the building stone, stone lions, stone ornamental columns and stone figures etc.; three as building furnishings, such as stone incense burners, stone for five more.
In recent years, as people's material and cultural living standards improve and the changing aesthetic point of view, stone products, also expanding the scope of application.The large number of the variety, is the most types of natural stone products in a well shaped stone products in a category. Its processing requirements and the difficulty of the art is much higher than other types of stone products, it is the perfect combination of artistic thinking and creativity expression.Currently, there are batches processed hundreds of kinds of stone, with the lifting equipment to be installed both in whole or in modular pieces of a giant sculpture, but also can be placed in the palm, floating on the water, hanging on the neck or worn on the wrist unfortunately enjoy the goods and decorations.
Stone carving categories
For many types of stone, there is currently no uniform national standards, it is difficult to accurately classified.According to the development of recent years, combined with the traditional habit of stone products can be classified according to the following four methods.
By use of different sub-
1, watch, hanging wearing jewelry and collections of stone carving. Such as the kinds of jade ornaments, a variety of ornamental and decorative pieces.Relatively small size of these stone products.
2, cave and cliff stone.Such as the Dunhuang Grottoes, Yungang Grottoes, the Longmen Grottoes.
3, cemetery stone.Such as various tomb stone, stone coffins, burial offerings and so on.
4, palaces, mansions and gardens stone.Such as Beijing's Forbidden City, Summer Palace, Chengde, Hebei Bishu Villas are equipped with a very classic in stone products.
5, Temple Temple, Jing Zhuang altar stone.Yong of the Palace such as Beijing, Shandong Confucius Temple in the columns, stone balustrades and the shrine are stone products.
6, the stone carving.Characters such as stone arch bridge, Hebei, Beijing Marco Polo Bridge on the lions and so on.
7, the stone palace and the stone arch.Square stone monument such as the Confucius Temple.
8, tower building stone.Such as various stone pagoda.
9, book monument stone. Such as various monuments, tomb tombstone and so on.
10, stone figures and animals.Such as the famous statue, statues, lions and so on.
11, living stone craft supplies.Such as tables, chairs, stools, coffee table, lamps, ink Yan and so on.
12, the modern urban gardens and memorial stone.Such as large urban sculpture , garden sculpture and memorial sculpture.
Form at different points carvings
1, three-dimensional carving.Including three-dimensional portraits, animal sculptures, fireplaces, sculpture stigma and so on.
2, flat stone.Including relief, picture frame, picture frame, engraved pane, plaque engraving, stone carving, shadow carving and line engraving and so on.
Processing tools used at different points
1, hand-carved goods.The use of chisel, hammer, drill and other hand tools carving of the products.
2, semi-mechanized processing of sculpture.That is partly manual, partly mechanized processing of stone.
3, automatic CNC machining sculpture.
4, sand sculpture.Use sandblasting engraving machine for carving.Sandblasting machine engraving machine is the use of air (pressure 5-6kg / sq m) and diamond spray-in-progress sculpture at the sculpture.
5, chemical corrosion sculpture.Namely the use of chemical etching solution and the chemical reaction between the stone,Stone carving To carving stone.A convex carving (relief) and intaglio two.
According to the traditional way of carving the different sub-surface modeling
1, relief.That is carved in the stone surface of stereoscopic images, are semi-three-dimensional sculpture.Because of the image embossed on the stone surface and said relief.Stone rock face off under different levels of depth points, is divided into bas-relief and high relief.Bas-relief sculpture is a single level, the content of a single comparison, not through the hollow.High relief sculpture is a multi-level, content is more complex, take more engraved hollow way, more fascinating.Relief are used for decorating the walls of the building, there are temples of the dragon pillars, holding drums.Beijing Forbidden City Okimichi is relief.
2, sculpture in the round.There is a single three-dimensional shape to be works of art , stone each face are required for processing, techniques and processes to hollow known for fine cutting ax.Many kinds of carved pieces of this type, the majority of a single stone sculpture, but also by the combination of multiple pieces of stone, carved in recent years, such a body to promote the development of a number of micro-products, some small like stone, some as thin as onion skin, more talent, known as the "miniature."Such products have become completely divorced from the purely practical arts and crafts building, the small and more portable, as the commemorative treasures, very good development prospects.
3, Shen carving.Also known as "line engraving," that is a "water mill Shen Hua" carving method of art.Such absorption of Chinese painting and carving methods Italy, overlap, line shape and other traditional cavalier perspective strokes, stone polished by the print processing, tracing pattern text, then follow the map engraved lines, the line weight depth extent, reflect the use of three-dimensional shadow.Most of these products for the building of the wall surface decoration, there is a strong artistic.
4, shadow carving.In the early years of the "pin black and white" technology developed on the basis of new crafts.The earliest work is not the age of 60 created by the Hoi An artist, works are due to photo basis, so called "shadow carving."The carved pieces of jade crystal lake to cut sawn bluestone slab as a material first surface polishing, cut by the chisel with its white spots can show the characteristics of the tools to cut the size of the taper, depth, density of different micro- points, only points different levels of black and white, the image is displayed, not only realistic detail, and unique charm, is pure art of stone carving to the development of technology for the production of stone opened up a new path.
5, Loudiao.Carved form a sculpture, also known as hollow carved stone that is not part of the performance was like a hollowed out, to be part of the performance was like a stay.Carved out of a sculpture in the round in the development of techniques, it is the performance level was like a three-dimensional space Shoushan stone carving techniques.From the traditional Chinese stone carving process evolved.Ancient stone mason ball often carved with dragon mouth.Pearl stripping the original stone, larger than the Longkou, scroll through the mouth instead of the dragon slide.This chapter in the long button to the activities of stone, "Pearl" is the most simple hollow carved.
6, engraved.In relief work, retained as part of the protruding material, and the back part of the partial hollow to as openwork.Engraved with the Loudiao, chain showed similarities and differences of birds, three are penetrating, but mostly table plaque engraved on the back of the form of performance, there are single-sided and double sided engraved engraved the points.Openwork carved only the positive side, both sides engraved will be front, rear, both sides are carved out in the objects.Whether single or double-sided openwork Openwork, with the Loudiao, chain essentially different birds, and that is carved Carved and chain are 360 degrees of all aspects of sculpture, rather than positive or both sides.Therefore, Loudiao and chain belonging to sculpture in the round carving techniques, and openwork technique is an extension of relief.
In addition, the ages of the stone craftsmen also created a number of round, floating, Shen various means to both the carved pieces.Of these carvings have shown more complex content, so take a float in the sink, sink in a floating, round ups and downs in a comprehensive way.
Despite the wide range of stone products, the classification of many, but its major speech the same processing procedures, the general points: stone selection model produced locally carved molding stock molding polishing, cleaning products assembly Acceptance, and packaging.The processing of these stone products, the traditional manual processing techniques have the following four:
1, the "pinch."To that of blank sample, but also creative design process.Some carved pieces before playing blank sketch, and some models before kneading the mud or plaster.
2, "Lou."Is based on the first dig inside the line graphics useless stone.
3, the "tick."Also known as "pick" is picked off by an external redundant stone graphics.
4, "carved."Finally, the cut is carefully cut, carved molding so.
In recent years, China has developed a number of new multi-stone processing machinery, promoting the development of China's stone industry, to change the traditional manual operations, improve product quality and grade, to expand exports played a very important role.But there is no uniform national standards stone, it is recommended a complete and unified quality standard system, to standardize and make new contributions to promoting the carving industry.
Stone classification (by Stone)
Carved in the stones of various patterns and image of the art, usually refers to stones carved sculpture, crafts .Divided by stone carving in China bluestone carving, marble carving, marble carving, talc carving, Mexico spar engraving, color stone carving, pebble carving.Hui'an in Fujian bluestone sculpture to architectural decoration, and is famous for lions, where the lions mouth comfortable with rolling stone beads, known in Southeast Asia.Yunnan marble sculpture in marble Diancang as raw material, its color pattern like a landscape, or risk breaking peak sink, or waterfalls with the cloud, inlaid furniture unique.Quyang Hebei, Beijing and other places of the white marble sculpture of Fangshan, mainly used in the Ming and Qing imperial architectural features, such as ornamental columns, lions, railings, etc.; modern monuments are for public and decoration, such as the Great Hall of the People's Heroes Monument Chairman Mao Memorial Hall.Haicheng, Liaoning, Shandong Laizhou talc carving small and cute little animals to the traditional varieties.Hole in Hunan, Hubei Lichuan ink spar carving, stone dark and light.Color stone carving to Qingtian, Fuzhou Shoushan, the main producing area in Hunan Liuyang.Pebble carved mainly in Lanzhou, Shenyang and other places.Techniques are incised stone (carved profile), Shadow carving, relief, sculpture in the round (not attached to the fully three-dimensional carving of any law background), Carved (also known as openwork) and so on.Shadow carving is unique, Fujian Huian bluestone carving techniques, the Department of steel with different sizes in the bluestone on the chisel chisel drill, drill point with the size, depth and density to represent landscapes, birds and animals, figures, flowers and other images. |
